Bridging the Gap: Enhancing Mathematical Competence and Motivation in Low-Achieving Fifth-Grade Students Through Small-Group Tutoring and Digital Learning Interventions

Many students exhibit significant mathematics deficits by the end of elementary school, risking difficulties in secondary education. This study evaluated an adaptive e-learning program, used alone or with small-group tutoring, in a cluster-randomized field experiment using an analytic sample of 1,044 fifth graders in 61 classes (from an initial sample of 1,393 students), with three measurement occasions over one school year. Regarding procedural arithmetic knowledge, both intervention groups showed delayed effects on division, whereas a small multiplication effect emerged only for the single intervention; addition effects were marginal in both conditions, and subtraction effects were, at most, marginal for the single intervention alone. The combined intervention showed limited evidence of effects on conceptual knowledge, and neither intervention produced effects on motivational outcomes. The findings highlight both the potential and the limitations of these intervention formats for supporting at-risk students. Implications for scaling, given limited financial and human resources, are discussed.