Connecting operation-choice problems by the variation principle: Sixth graders’ operational or deeper relational pathways

Journal articleResearchPeer reviewed

Publication data


ByCristina Zorrilla, Anna-Katharina Roos, Ceneida Fernández, Salvador Llinares, Susanne Prediger
Original languageEnglish
Published inThe Journal of Mathematical Behavior, 73, Article 101104
Pages20
Editor (Publisher)Elsevier Inc.
ISSN0732-3123
DOI/Linkhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmathb.2023.101104 (Open Access)
Publication statusPublished – 03.2024

Many empirical studies documented students’ challenges with operation-choice problems, in particular for multiplication and division with rational numbers. The design principle of problem variation was suggested to overcome these challenges by engaging students in making connections between inverse operation-choice problems of multiplication and division, and between problems with natural numbers and fractions/decimals, but so far, this approach was hardly investigated empirically. In this study, we investigate 17 sixth graders’ modelling pathways through sets of operation-choice problems that are systematically designed according to the variation principle. In the qualitative analysis, we identify five pathways by which students solve the problems and sometimes connect them. While one pathway uses deep relational connections, others only draw superficial and operational connections and others stay with informal strategies without connecting them to formal operations.